deep learning on edge devices

Combine latency with the time it takes to compute a recommended selection of movies for the millions of users, and you’ve got a pretty subpar service. To address the mismatch, one opportunity is to adopt a dual-mode mechanism. Applications on edge comprise of hybrid hierarchical architectures (try saying that five times fast). For example, a DNN model can be trained for scene understanding as well as object classification [zhou2014object]. For example, a service robot that needs to interact with customers needs to not only track faces of individuals it interacts with but also recognize their facial emotions at the same time. Welcome to my first blog on topics in artificial intelligence! opportunities at the intersection of computer systems, networking, and machine Here’s an example from the paper demonstrating a real-time video analytic. However, we can still host a smaller DNN that can get results back to the end devices quickly. Coordination between training and inference — Consider a deployed traffic monitoring system has to adjust for after road construction, weather/changing seasons. These devices, referred to as edge devices, are physical devices equipped with sensing, computing, and communication capabilities. Every intersections is going to look a bit different from another, could you really train one vision system to work seamlessly at each intersection? I will also briefly introduce a paper that discusses an edge computing application for smart traffic intersection and use it as context to make the following concepts make more sense. These challenges are driven by the gap between high computational demand of DNN models and the limited battery lives of edge devices, the data discrepancy in real-world settings, the needs to process heterogeneous sensor data and concurrent deep learning tasks on heterogeneous computing units, and the opportunities for offloading to nearby edges and on-device training. However, some sensors that edge devices heavily count on to collect data from individuals and the physical world such as cameras are designed to capture high-quality data, which are power hungry. Microsoft As such, a deep learning task is able to acquire data without interfering other tasks. Edge computing is a distributed computing paradigm that brings computation and data storage closer to the location where it is needed, to improve response times and save bandwidth. Constraints for Deep Learning on the Edge. Edge computing consists of delegating data processing tasks to devices on the edge of the network, as close as possible to the data sources. All varieties of ma-chine learning models are being used in the datacen-ter, from RNNs to decision trees and logistic regres-sion [1]. This devices often use microcontrollers. Here I will introduce the topic of edge computing, with context in deep learning applications. Considering those drawbacks, a better option is to offload to nearby edge devices that have ample resources to execute the DNN models. Also, feel free to connect with me on LinkedIn: http://linkedin.com/in/christophejbrown, [1] X. Wang, Y. Han, V. C. M. Leung, D. Niyato, X. Yan and X. Chen, “Convergence of Edge Computing and Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Survey,” in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. Examples of such noise-robust loss functions include triplet loss. Deep learning algorithms are computationally intensive, and front-end devices … “Deep learning has accelerated in recent years. Many edge devices are equipped with more than one onboard sensor. Hsinchu, Taiwan, Dec. 01, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The push for low-power and low-latency deep learning models, computing hardware, and systems for artificial intelligence (AI) inference on edge devices continues to create exciting new opportunities. When Will A.I. 04/29/2020 ∙ by Shuo Wan, et al. If we wanted to add a vision system to some of them, a centralized compute system is more than likely to come across bottlenecks for data processing. ∙ Second, while sensor data such as raw images are high-resolution, DNN models are designed to process images at a much lower resolution (e.g., 224×224). Deep Learning on a Cluster of 100 Edge Devices En route to replacing the cloud for all AI training. Deep Learning models are known for … For example, video cameras incorporated in smartphones today have increasingly high resolutions to meet people’s photographic demands. Unfortunately, collecting such a large volume of diverse data that cover all types of variations and noise factors is extremely time-consuming. These data contain valuable information about users and their personal preferences. Broadly speaking, edge computing is a new computing paradigm which aims to leverage devices that are deployed at the Internet’s edge to collect information from individuals and the physical world as well as to process those collected information in a distributed manner [satyanarayanan2017emergence]. These edge devices continuously collect a variety of data including images, videos, audios, texts, user logs, and many others with the ultimate goal to provide a wide range of services to improve the quality of people’s everyday lives. As we make progress in the era of edge computing, the demand for machine learning on mobile and edge devices seems to be increasing quite rapidly. The figure above depicts an inference system entirely on the edge — no cloud at all! On the left, it is the end devices that train models from local data, with weights being aggregates at an edge device one level up. Wireless Distributed Edge Learning: How Many Edge Devices Do We Need? and are very expensive in terms of computation, memory, and power consumption. proposed an integrated convolutional and recurrent neural networks for processing heterogeneous data at different scales. To address this input data sharing challenge, one opportunity lies at creating a data provider that is transparent to deep learning tasks and sits between them and the operating system as shown in Figure 2. To address this challenge, we envision that the opportunity lies at on-device training. More problems in machine learning are solved with the advanced techniques that researchers discover by the day. ∙ On the right, training data is instead fed to edge nodes that progressively aggregate weights up the hierarchy. We can additionally have an early segment of a larger DNN operating on the edge, so that computations can begin at the edge and finish on the cloud. The diversity of operations suggests the importance of building an architecture-aware compiler that is able to decompose a DNN models at the operation level and then allocate the right type of computing unit to execute the operations that fit its architecture characteristics. Edge applications have tough, widely varying requirements. The mismatch between high-resolution raw images and low-resolution DNN models incurs considerable unnecessary energy consumption, including energy consumed to capture high-resolution raw images and energy consumed to convert high-resolution raw images to low-resolution ones to fit the DNN models. Say we want to deploy Federated Learning model. share, This paper takes the position that, while cognitive computing today reli... learning. Instead of having an enormous datacenter with every single Netflix movie stored on it, let’s say we have a smaller datacenter with the top 10,000 movies stored on it, and just enough compute power to serve the population of New York City (rather than enough to serve all of the United States). Besides data heterogeneity, edge devices are also confronted with heterogeneity in on-device computing units. ∙ As such, given the resource constraints of edge devices, the status quo approach is based on the cloud computing paradigm in which the collected sensor data are directly uploaded to the cloud; and the data processing tasks are performed on the cloud servers where abundant computing and storage resources are available to execute the deep learning models. Of late it means running Deep learning algorithms on a device and most … ML-enabled services such as recommendation engines, image and speech recognition, and natural language processing on the edge … In this chapter, we describe eight research challenges and promising What have we just done? In terms of resource sharing, in common practice, DNN models are designed for individual deep learning tasks. The Hailo-8 deep-learning processor (Source: Hailo.ai. This would help edge devices harness deep learning and unsupervised learning… What if some intersections have a lot more leaves that fall during autumn? Of all the technology trends that are taking place right now, perhaps the biggest one is edge computing [shi2016edge, shi2016promise]. The idea of edge intelligence is scalable too, we can imagine this on a country-wide scale or on the scale as simple as a single warehouse. This blog covers use cases of edge computing for deep learning at a surface level, highlighting many applications for deploying deep learning systems as well as applications for metrics and maintenance. The huge diversity of edge devices, with both computation and memory constraints, however, make efficient deployment … Sounds like a job for the cloud, right? share, Edge computing is the next Internet frontier that will leverage computin... ∙ Without expertise in edge deep learning, you can easily obtain an edge … In terms of input data sharing, currently, data acquisition for concurrently running deep learning tasks on edge devices is exclusive. 02/15/2018 ∙ by Yuhao Zhu, et al. For example, [radu2016towards]. Much like edge intelligence, the intelligent edge brings content delivery and machine learning closer to the user. share, The increasing use of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices for monitoring a ... For different applications, merging data could violate privacy issues. In terms of parameter representation redundancy, to achieve the highest accuracy, state-of-the-art DNN models routinely use 32 or 64 bits to represent model parameters. The performance of a DNN model is heavily dependent on its training data, which is supposed to share the same or a similar distribution with the potential test data. In a series of rounds, each device, after downloading the current model (or what it takes to … As such, it requires DNN models to be run over the streaming data in a continuous manner. They will (i) aggregate data from in vehicle and infrastructure sensors; (ii) process the data by taking advantage of low-latency high-bandwidth communications, edge cloud computing, and AI-based detection and tracking of objects; and (iii) provide intelligent feedback and input to control systems. This paper takes the position that, while cognitive computing today reli... can edge computing leverage the amazing capability of deep learning? Mobile edge computing (MEC) has been considered as a promising technique... Data augmentation techniques generate variations that mimic the variations occurred in the real-world settings. This leaves significant room for open-endedness — where we can apply DNNs or DRL for resource management such as caching (i.e. This is because these DNN models are designed for achieving high accuracy without taking resources consumption into consideration. As a consequence, when there are multiple deep learning tasks running concurrently on edge devices, each deep learning task has to explicitly invoke system APIs to obtain its own data copy and maintain it in its own process space. Edge Computing can make this system more efficient. A variety of concerns may rise regarding training. Under this model, the resolutions of collected images are enforced to match the input requirement of DNN models. of edge computing, its true value lies at the intersection of gathering data Michigan State University What if, instead, we used an edge platform specifically for finding the Region-of-Interest (RoI). But vehicles travel very fast, so a real-time vision system must have ultra-low latency. Deep learning models are known to be expensive in terms of computation, memory, and power consumption [he2016deep, simonyan2014very]. The Hailo-8 DL is a specialized deep-learning processor that empowers intelligent devices … Being as an orthogonal approach, [hinton2015distilling] proposed a technique referred to as knowledge distillation to directly extract useful knowledge from large DNN models and pass it to a smaller model which achieves similar prediction performance as the large models but with much less model parameters and computational cost. When it comes to AI based applications, there is a need to counter latency constraints and strategize to speed up the inference. Take for example the popular content streaming service Netflix. share, This book chapter considers how Edge deployments can be brought to bear ... Practical Deep Learning … Taller buildings casting darker shadows? our mobile phones and wearables are edge devices; home intelligence devices such as Google Nest and Amazon Echo are edge devices; autonomous systems such as drones, self-driving vehicles, and robots that vacuum the carpet are also edge devices. ∙ 03/14/2018 ∙ by Cihat Baktir, et al. envision that in the near future, majority of edge devices will be equipped 0 This figure shows two examples of a distributed training network. However, with an explosive field like deep learning finding new methods and applications, a entirely new field is being fueled to match and possibly surpass this demand. Given the increasing heterogeneity in onboard computing units, mapping deep learning tasks and DNN models to the diverse set of onboard computing units is challenging. Generalization of EEoI (Early Exit of Inference) — We dont always want to be responsible for choosing when to exit early. See the attached table from the paper to see how this may be used. The intelligent edge can fix this! Data obtained by these sensors are by nature heterogeneous and are diverse in format, dimensions, sampling rates, and scales. This architecture is divided into three levels: end, edge, and cloud. 11/22/2020 ∙ by Jaeyoung Song, et al. reducing redundant data transmissions), task offloading, or maintenance. Edge computing, where a fine mesh of compute nodes are placed close to end devices, is a viable way to meet the high computation and low-latency requirements of deep learning on edge devices … The instances of learning algorithms running on the edge devices, all rely on a shared model for their training. Finally Replace Your Boss? One effective technique to overcome this dilemma is data augmentation. In this application for traffic intersections, we could imagine that there are some challenges to address as we move to a more autonomous future: This hopefully stimulates some ideas for how state-of-the-art deep learning solutions have limitations in an application like smart cities. Some examples are: Lastly (and before the details get too confusing! We’ll begin with the two major paradigms within Edge Computing: edge intelligence and the intelligent edge. With such personal information, on-device training is enabling training personalized DNN models that deliver personalized services to maximally enhance user experiences. The era of edge computing has arrived. We’ve introduced new infrastructure, albeit with less power, but just enough to provide an even better experience to the end user than by using the most powerful systems centralized in one location. for IoT and Mobile Edge Computing Applications, Cloud No Longer a Silver Bullet, Edge to the Rescue. A complementary technique to data augmentation is to design loss functions that are robust to discrepancy between the training data and the test data. DNNs (general DL models) can extract latent data features, while DRL can learn to deal with decision-making problems by interacting with the environment. Recall that the edge has less compute capability, so hosting our large DNN there will likely give us poor performance. To realize edge offloading, the key is to come up with a model partition and allocation scheme that determines which part of model should be executed locally and which part of model should be offloading. ∙ There are early works that explored the feasibility of removing ADC and directly using analog sensor signals as inputs for DNN models [likamwa2016redeye]. Many of these advanced techniques, alongside applications that require scalability, consume large amounts of network bandwidth, energy, or compute power. This tiny chip are the heart of IoT edge devices. Constraints for Deep Learning on the Edge Deep Learning models are known for being large and computationally expensive. Moreover, today, gigantic amounts of data are generated by edge devices such as mobile phones on a daily basis. University of Oxford Similarly. datacenters and on edge devices. Speeding Up Deep Learning Inference on Edge Devices. 0 The second mode is DNN processing mode that is optimized for deep learning tasks. As mentioned in the introduction section, offloading to the cloud has a number of drawbacks, including leaking user privacy and suffering from unpredictable end-to-end network latency that could affect user experience, especially when real-time feedback is needed. Use of edge intelligence is one way we can address these concerns. Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8976180, [2] S. Yang et al., “COSMOS Smart Intersection: Edge Compute and Communications for Bird’s Eye Object Tracking,” 2020 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), Austin, TX, USA, 2020, pp. This yields a much smaller space that we need for object recognition, now that less-relevant parts of our image have been removed. I hope you learned something new, and I hope you learned something useful. A lot of these questions are open-ended, meaning a lot of solutions can (and cannot) be used to address the problem. However, the ability to deploy and scale deep learning on edge devices, with a light footprint and efficient memory and processing power, is … Solving those challenges will enable resource-limited edge devices to 74 Specifically, to ensure the robustness of DNN models in real-world settings, a large volume of training data that contain significant variations is needed. We can do this by adding computer vision systems to intersections to watch for potential collisions. To address this challenge, one opportunity lies at building a multi-modal deep learning model that takes data from different sensing modalities as its inputs. ∙ The idea here is that want to have standards for how our system trains. share. Deploying deep learning (DL) models on edge devices is getting popular nowadays. So far we’ve talked about how we can stretch a DNN architecture across cloud, edge, and end devices. leverage the amazing capability of deep learning. This is a solution that would reduce latency by removing the bottleneck at the edge level, and reducing propagation delay to the cloud level. Such redundancy can be effectively reduced by applying parameter quantization techniques which use 16 bits, 8 bits, or even less number of bits to represent model parameters. Partitioning at lower layers would prevent more information from being transmitted, thus preserving more privacy. However, deep ∙ This key finding aligns with a sub-field in machine learning named multi-task learning [caruana1997multitask]. More connected devices are being introduced to us by the day. Edge AI commonly refers to components required to run an AI algorithm locally on a device, it’s also referred to as on-Device AI. Multi-task learning provides a perfect opportunity for improving the resource utilization for resource-limited edge devices when concurrently executing multiple deep learning tasks. You might ask why this is important at all, but it turns out that as our products and services become more complex and sophisticated, new problems arise from latency, privacy, scalability, energy cost, or reliability perspectives. communities, © 2019 Deep AI, Inc. | San Francisco Bay Area | All rights reserved. To do this, that means the cloud is not a delegator of data. 0 We’re now seeing the emergence of external AI processors such as the Movidius Neural Compute Stick, which provides deep learning computing power at the edge. 0 ∙ If these ideas resonated with you, you might agree that this opens the avenue for more deep learning applications like self-driving cars or cloud-based services like gaming or training DNNs entirely offline for research purposes. First, to reduce energy consumption, one commonly used approach is to turn on the sensors when needed. Therefore, this distributed system successfully completes the same task that normally would be allocated to the cloud. As such, the quality of images taken by smartphone cameras is comparable to images that are taken by professional cameras, and image sensors inside smartphones are consuming more energy than ever before, making energy consumption reduction a significant challenge. The ability to deploy a system like this dramatically increases the potential for system deployment in places further away — or completely disconnected — from the cloud! Netflix has its headquarters in California, but wants to serve New York City, which is almost 5000 kilometers away. For example, a smartphone has a GPS sensor to track geographical locations, an accelerometer to capture physical movements, a light sensor to measure ambient light levels, a touchscreen sensor to monitor users’ interactions with their phones, a microphone to collect audio information, and a camera to capture images and videos. For edge devices that have extremely limited resources such as low-end IoT devices, they may still not be able to afford executing the most memory and computation-efficient DNN models locally. Abstract—Deep learning shows great promise in providing more intelligence to augmented reality (AR) devices, but few AR apps use deep learning due to lack of infrastructure support. 1–7, doi: 10.1109/PerComWorkshops48775.2020.9156225. Or more snow builds up during the winter? Our phones, computers, tablets, game consoles, wearables, appliances, and vehicles are all gaining varying levels of intelligence — meaning they can communicate with other devices or perform computations to make decisions. 04/07/2020 ∙ by Antonio Libri, et al. Let’s take our Netflix example again. For a DNN model, the amount of information generated out of each layer decreases from lower layers to higher layers. for Dynamic Network Scheduling, Addressing the Challenges in Federating Edge Resources, State-of-the-art Techniques in Deep Edge Intelligence, pAElla: Edge-AI based Real-Time Malware Detection in Data Centers, Deep Learning-Based Multiple Object Visual Tracking on Embedded System Microservice for Edge Deep Learning Services, Incentive and Trusty offloading mechanism for Deep Learning. These companies have been collecting a gigantic amount of data from users and use those data to train their DNN models. Read on to see how edge computing can help address these concerns! This blog is largely adapted from a survey paper written by Xiaofei Wang et al. of intelligent edge. We ∙ DNN models that achieve state-of-the-art performance are memory and computational expensive. Join one of the world's largest A.I. You will learn how to use Python for IoT Edge Device applications, including the use of Python to access input & output (IO) devices, edge device to cloud-connectivity, local storage of edge parameters and hosting of a machine learning model. Constructions projects can happen any time, changing what an intersection looks like completely — in this case we may need to retrain our models, possibly while still performing inference. What’s important to note here is the collaboration between the cloud and the edge. ∙ These tasks all share the same data inputs and the limited resources on the edge device. To illustrate this, Table 1 lists the details of some of the most commonly used DNN models. The discrepancy between training and test data could degrade the performance of DNN models, which becomes a challenging problem. To reduce such redundancy, the most effective technique is model compression. share, Compute and memory demands of state-of-the-art deep learning methods are... 2, pp. In common practice, DNN models are trained on high-end workstations equipped with powerful GPUs where training data are also located. It also hosts an extraordinary amount of content on its servers that it needs to distribute. share, The potential held by the gargantuan volumes of data being generated acr... The first mode is traditional sensing mode for photographic purposes that captures high-resolution images. However, existing works in deep learning show that DNN models exhibit layer-wise semantics where bottom layers extract basic structures and low-level features while layers at upper levels extract complex structures and high-level features. When collecting data from onboard sensors, a large portion of the energy is consumed by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). ∙ To address this challenge, we envision that the opportunities lie at exploring smart data subsampling techniques, matching data resolution to DNN models, and redesigning sensor hardware to make it low-power. From the paper Abstract: Smart city intersections will play a crucial role in automated traffic management and improvement in pedestrian safety in cities of the future. Can it still perform after that? Netflix has a powerful recommendation system to suggest movies for you to watch. In the following, we describe eight research challenges followed by opportunities that have high promise to address those challenges. In this book chapter, we presented eight challenges at the intersection of computer systems, networking, and machine learning. The sizes of intermediate results generated out of each layer have a pyramid shape (Figure 3), decreasing from lower layers to higher layers. power), and so on. The second category focuses on designing efficient small DNN models directly. Hsinchu, Taiwan, Dec. 01, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The push for low-power and low-latency deep learning models, computing hardware, and systems for artificial intelligence (AI) inference on edge devices continues to create exciting new opportunities. ∙ Leave a comment if this blog helped you! We can feed the reduced search space to a second edge platform that performs the inference for matching the child in the photo provided. For example, the convolution operations involved in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are matrix multiplications that can be efficiently executed in parallel on GPUs which have the optimized architecture for executing parallel operations. This mechanism causes considerable system overhead as the number of concurrently running deep learning tasks increases. With the recent breakthrough in deep learning, it is expected that in the foreseeable future, majority of the edge devices will be equipped with machine intelligence powered by deep learning. 22, no. It also [alternatively] contains a majority of a network that is shared between the cloud and the edge. For edge devices that are powered by batteries, reducing energy consumption is critical to extending devices’ battery lives. We hope this chapter could The first category focuses on compressing large DNN models that are pretrained into smaller ones. With regard to various edge management issues such as edge caching, offloading, communication, security protection, etc., 1) DNNs can process user information and data metrics in the network, as well as per- ceiving the wireless environment and the status of edge nodes, and based on these information 2) DRL can be applied to learn the long-term optimal resource management and task schedul- ing strategies, so as to achieve the intelligent management of the edge, viz., or intelligent edge. They say New York City is the city that never sleeps! Introducing: Edge Computing. To address this challenge, we envision that the opportunities lie at exploring data augmentation techniques as well as designing noise-robust loss functions. Is data collected on site? Such an architecture-aware compiler would maximize the hardware resource utilization and significantly improve the DNN model execution efficiency. Some questions that can serve as examples to ponder on: Where does training data coming from? The entire spectrum of expected Machine Learning (ML) inference in edge devices can be categorized three fold- deriving intelligence out of imaging data, non-imaging data and their fusion. Training is expensive, so how can it be coordinated with inference once the roads open again? Today, we are already surrounded by a variety of such edge devices: If you’re interested in learning more about any topic covered here, there are plenty of examples, figures, and references in the full 35-page survey: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8976180. There may be synchronization issues because of edge device constraints (i.e.

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